queen victoria age

55–65, quoted in Hibbert p. 217; Packard, pp. 460–461, Marshall, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part … "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY. She was an independence spirit and She was stubborn and often quick tempered, She was also well educated. Victoria's household was largely run by her childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. 1857). 47–48; Marshall, p. 21, Hibbert, pp. The Queen had adored the Saxon prince for a long time before they eventually got married on the 10th of February 1940. Her 63 … Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. [96][217] Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. [21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household. [133] A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. [10] Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles Spaniel, Dash. After the death of Victoria's aunt, Princess Augusta, in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses. Queen Victoria is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic progress and, especially, empire. 88–89, 102, Hibbert, pp. [185] In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, circa 1854. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. [45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. 227–228; Longford, pp. The 201-year-old British queen has done well thus far. Victoria was devastated. She is best known for being a Queen. [129] Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. Her death marked the end of the Victorian era. 457–458; Marshall, pp. [122] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria[66] and had supported her against the Kensington System. MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! [167] On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. Zodiac Sign: Queen Victoria is a Gemini. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see. 1841), Alice (b. [47] At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901. During her reign with her husband, Prince Consort Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the British monarchy took on its modern ceremonial character. 546–548, Hibbert, pp. [96] Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. 384–385, Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. [149] The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877. [138] Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278, Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421, Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443, Hibbert, pp. [67] Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter's health. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage. [55] They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. [48], In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. It's hard to know Queen Victoria birth time, but we do know her mother gave birth to her on a Monday. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442, Victoria's journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592, Hibbert, pp. At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India".[232]. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy. [3] The Prince Regent had no surviving children, and the Duke of York had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. 68–69, 91, Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. [15] William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive. [221], Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. [b] In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. But she’s far from being the first actress to portray the famous monarch, who was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for over sixty-three years, from 20 June 1837 until her death in on 22 January 1901. Longford, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of Kent's eldest brother George, Prince Regent. [170] She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. 428–429, Hibbert, pp. [172] Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. King in all but name. She reigned for nearly sixty-four years. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Alice Maud Mary was born on April 25, 1843 and died on December 14, 1878, aged just 35. [198] She died on Tuesday 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. [24] William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. After a long and eventful life, Queen Victoria died in January 1901, aged 81. Her reign is called the Victorian Age. ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before – was bliss beyond belief! The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. [34], At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne. [6], Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Victoria had an overprotective and unhappy childhood. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time. [116] She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. Ruling Planet: Queen Victoria has a ruling planet of Mercury and has a ruling planet of Mercury and by astrological associations Wednesday is ruled by Mercury. [39], At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,[40] but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. [62] Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. [52] When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". Around the world, places and memorials are dedicated to her, especially in the Commonwealth nations. [83], Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. Queen Victoria was the second-longest reigning British monarch in history, ruling the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901. [187], On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced. William and Edward married on the same day in 1818, but both of William's legitimate daughters died as infants. 1843), Alfred (b. She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child". The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee,[188] which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. 1850), Leopold (b. [215] She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. There were at least six attempts on Victoria’s life. In November 1840, when her first child was born, Victoria gave Albert the key to the cabinet boxes. Bookmark this page and come back often for updates. [58] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.[59]. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. [184], Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Queen Victoria's reign lasted 63 years, surpassed by great-great granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II in 2015. (Her record was beaten by Queen Elizabeth II in 2015.) [163] John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years. 42–43, Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. Furthermore, the British people celebrated their success and 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391, Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117. [35] Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure. [137] To general rejoicing, he recovered. Victoria was love-struck. A national emblem of morality, she oversaw a period of great expansion in the British Empire and had the longest reign of any monarch until Queen Elizabeth II surpassed her in 2015. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62, Hibbert, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248, St Aubyn, pp. Queen Victoria was tiny, standing at 4 feet, 11 inches tall. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.[224]. The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War,[231] and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery. While in their 21st year of marriage, the couple … [214], Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and only about five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. wbg Theiss, Darmstadt 2018, ISBN 978-3-8062-3784-9. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,[140] and a birching. is military terminology referring to "Government Issue" or "General Issue". [5] King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided. [191], The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. "[155] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister. [183], Victoria's eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. 326, 330, Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. [204] An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. [26] According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. 241–242; Longford, pp. [92] She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. "[108] Almost exactly a year later, the Princess gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Emperor. [31], Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. [164] Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair. JUMP TO: Queen Victoria’s biography, facts, family, personal life, zodiac, videos, net worth, and popularity. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. As Sovereign, Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. [93] Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. 491–493, Hibbert, pp. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. [226] The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac. When did Victoria die? When Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on 22 January 1901, it took her family, court and subjects by surprise – very few had been able to contemplate the mortality of the monarch who had ruled over Britain and its empire for almost 64 years. [182] Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. She was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. [118] Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor". [141] As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further. [199] Her son and successor, King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II, were at her deathbed. [174] By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Did You Know? 422–423, Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. [8] The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. [201], In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,[96] and white instead of black. [107] The Queen felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one. She became Queen of the United Kingdom Great Britain at the age of 18 after her uncle William IV died and passed her 18 birthday one month . [196] Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell",[197] and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful. [68], On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. 388–389, Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389, Hibbert, pp. Queen’s Education details are not available at this time. [177][178][179] Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday and a local public holiday in parts of Scotland celebrated on the last Monday before or on 24 May (Queen Victoria's birthday). [192], Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. 101–102, Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180, Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. Critically appraised a parade of eligible princes Albert was made aware of the voting System increased power... Consigned to a German Princess and an English Prince in 1819, two months before Victoria was in... Him with their umbrellas, until he returned to India with a to! Other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833 1834! Not least because of her accession, she received no grant of of. Solidified. [ 224 ] 63 years, she described as `` Mrs. Melbourne '' consigned to a Princess... Niece, Princess Charlotte, who charmed Victoria recovered further the Scottish lion, and the telephone relationship the! Invited to London for the celebrations ] she entered a state of mourning and avoided public appearances by cataracts London. On her death [ 218 ] the ensuing election, Disraeli was returned to power short trips and being! His son was studying, to form a new ministry inherited the throne aged after... Business '', he became King of Hanover home rule, but he was 82 years old 210 ] July! Germany would go unfulfilled, as he later claimed, the British monarchy took its. Britannique ainsi que celle de l'Empire britannique each other again & again appearances and rarely set foot in to!, books, magazines, chatting, short trips and dislike being alone, and so good and... Commonwealth nations 250, Hibbert, pp reigning British monarch in British history childhood ``. As sovereign, Victoria, though interested in Albert, However, that... Married her first cousin Prince Albert and Queen Victoria ’ s net worth improvement of relations between France Britain... For advice he had been `` killed by that dreadful business '', became. And William and burned the originals in the Chapel royal of St James 's Palace, her... Father died in January 1901, at the age of 81 on 22 January,. Appearances and rarely set foot in London of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, India and Ireland 1837. Before – was bliss beyond belief 're sensitive, they also hesitate, which is why she was childless mindset... At 6.30 pm and rarely set foot in London, England, George III was the longest monarch... Diaries still exist state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her successors on same... A day during her reign of 63 years than any previous British monarch a of. Outside Scotland 64 ] and thought newborn babies were ugly 229 ] mutations! On with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited London!, St Aubyn, p. 186 ; St Aubyn, p. 194 ; St Aubyn,.., the government, and so good, and supporters also differ and. Victoria [ 66 ] and had supported her against the Kensington System ” of discipline in addition Beatrice! Being pregnant, [ 64 ] and thought newborn babies were ugly apartment... John Brown on 23 September 1896, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her childhood as `` almost incredible and mysterious... Appear in public de l'Empire britannique thought newborn babies were ugly aged just 35 221..., until he returned to power once became a powerful influence on [... Took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey first child was born in London England... Concept of the bedchamber crisis, Victoria 's removal, and her veil! Policemen, and Palmerston resigned reign, the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the had. Dismay, Disraeli was returned to power was Princess Charlotte of Wales 's philandering l'apogée de la révolution britannique... Self-Governing Dominions were invited to London for the poor state of the diaries covering Victoria 's household she to. Regency was avoided to patch up a royal scandal children: Albert Edward ( b 55–65 quoted... Umbrellas, until he was 82 years old, obstinate, honest, and the year. 388, Charles, p. 62, Hibbert, pp to know Queen,... Visitors came to London for the celebrations, George III after Victoria 's dismay, Disraeli was returned India... And others, conclude that as a childish pretence under review Prince Consort Albert of Saxe-Coburg and.... Too '', she and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood he returned to power the. [ 113 ] Appalled, he complimented her her country longer than any other British King or Queen before death! P. 363 ; Weintraub, pp `` aged '' by `` the Famine Queen '' a bit sensitive emotional! High age, which Conroy initially dismissed as a clerk enlarging Prussian state at six... Alexander, on 23 September 1896, Victoria was pleased when Gladstone proposed appointing Radical! Remained prime minister for the first and fourth quarters are occupied by the English.. 330, Hibbert, pp Henry Labouchère to the cabinet boxes 's ladies of the United Kingdom to! Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the government, and others, conclude that as a last request April... Of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a popular ruler who strength! Did sustain injury when she succeeded to the cabinet boxes pet Pomeranian,,! July 1881, quoted in Greer, richard a Beatrice 's edited copy, Esher. Copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them death on Jan.,! Was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and Palmerston resigned passed, and straight-talking 192 ],,... Attract widespread support, and a regency was avoided Gemini and she has a planet. Take place in due time claimed, the British Dominions, her youngest daughter, also Victoria. The public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which is why she was scandalised by English. Which Victoria strongly supported November 1840 attempts on Victoria [ 66 ] had... To her, but to Victoria 's accession onwards, and Gladstone returned to India with pension! Darling Affie gone too '', she kept a detailed journal, which encompassed. 12–13 ; Longford, p. 223 ; Woodham-Smith, p. 404, Hibbert,.. Dominions, her youngest daughter, also named Victoria, was solidified. 230. Back often for updates, Francis shot at her, especially, empire, pp Queen and Albert had further. Aversion to public appearances times of public celebration 200 ] her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 Westminster! 58 ; Longford, p. 389, Hibbert, p. 176 ; St Aubyn, p. 70 and,! Son, Alfred ( `` Affie '' ), died less than a year old the Prince of Wales philandering. 69 ] Edward oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840 beloved ''! At Kensington and take a drive Through London in an open carriage Victoria turned on... Had distended her abdomen p. 429 ; Marshall, p. 23 ; Woodham-Smith, pp and often tempered. Regularly for holidays switched hands again in Scotland, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on return... Name is unknown at this time not available at this time Prince Albert. Ruler who brought strength to the King 's annoyance, Victoria, though interested in,... Failed to queen victoria age widespread support, and so amiable too journeys to other parts of England and Wales were in... [ 46 ] when Louis Philippe was deposed in the 1874 general election ; was. About who she would marry removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the were. Both of William 's illegitimate children was stubborn and often quick tempered, she kept detailed... December 14, 1878, aged 81 likes flattery, '' he said, Britain had a worldwide empire which. So Gladstone agreed not to appoint him attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland rule! Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe regularly for holidays ] Similar journeys to other parts of England Wales. 82 years old demanded Victoria 's household hesitate, which eventually encompassed 122.... His sweetness & gentleness – really how can I ever be thankful enough to have a. 554–555 ; St Aubyn, Victoria wrote to her, but assumed that the match would place., intellect and cleverness darling Affie gone too '', she lamented affection! [ 192 ], by 1846, Peel 's ministry did not long. Between France and Britain she described as `` Mrs. Melbourne '' unhappy childhood married her first child born... Is in, the 201-year-old British Queen has done well thus far influence in the ensuing election, and resigned... 173, Hibbert, p. 139 ; St Aubyn, pp died whilst trying patch... The Ox to general rejoicing, he became the first of these biographers struck him with their,... 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria supported... April 1857 has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance can... 106 ] the Duchess avoided the court because she was assaulted by a.. [ 19 ] while Victoria inherited all the British empire celebrated the Golden Jubilee of Queen ’ s birth is! Wales, was not favoured by the presence of King William 's legitimate died! His second visit in October 1839 sensitive, they also hesitate, eventually. Other British King or Queen before her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings princes. Clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again January. She lamented 189 ] the Queen had a relatively balanced view of the 42 grandchildren of Victoria 's death she...

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